Neonatology deals with the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. In neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), this department provides critical care treatment to newborns. The principal patients are newborn infants who are ill or require special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital malformations, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxia.